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The thyroid gland is one of the biggest endocrine glands in the body. This gland is located in the neck inferior to the thyroid cartilage or Adam's apple in men. The form of thyroid gland reminds butterfly which consists of right and left lobes connected via thyroid isthmus. The main function of thyroid is to produce hormones hormones T3(tri-iodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). Normally thyroid gland produces nearly 80% T4(thyroxine) and about 20% T3(tri-iodothyronine). Thyroid hormones are essential in regulation almost of all physiological processes such as activity of metabolic reactions, synthesis of proteins, functions of cardiovascular, respiratory and reproductive system, mental and physical activity. Together with somatotrophic hormone, T3 and T4 participate in regulation of growth and development of locomotor system, water-salt balance and biosynthesis of certain vitamins.
Thyroid gland is prone to a various diseases which cause the disorders in its functions and thus work of many organs and system in the human organism. The thyroid diseases are usually associated with changes in production of hormone, increased thyroid growth, formation of lumps or nodules and tryroid cancer. The most widespread diseases of the thyroid gland include:
- Goiters - diseases manifested in enlargement of the thyroid gland. Goiter can compress vital structures of the neck such as trachea and the esophagus making breathing and swallowing rather difficult.
- Thyroid Cancer is a very common malignancy. The most of patients with the disease have a good long term survival.
- Solitary Thyroid Nodules- abnormal growths of thyroid tissue which are located at the edge of the thyroid gland. This is the very common diseases which affect nearly half of the human population.
- Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid diseases which is characterized by increased production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4. The treatment of hyperthyroidism usually includes surgical intervention, anti-thyroid medicines and radioactive iodine application.
- Hypothyroidism thyroid diseases characterized by decreased production of hormones. It is a very common problem. In most cases the treatment of Hypothyroidism includes the use of hormonal replacement therapy with analogues of T3 (Cytomel) and T4(Synthroid) hormones.
Thyroiditis is the inflammation of the thyroid gland. The symptoms of Thyroiditis include fever, pain. The most common types of the diseases are Hashimoto's Thyroiditis , De Quervain's Thyroiditis, Silent Thyroiditis.
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